Parsed test spec with 3 sessions starting permutation: w1_insert w2_insert w1_commit w2_commit check_count step w1_insert: INSERT INTO ulak.queue (endpoint_id, payload, idempotency_key) SELECT e.id, jsonb_build_object('from', 'w1'), 'idem-test-1' FROM ulak.endpoints e WHERE e.name = 'iso_idem_ep' RETURNING payload::text, idempotency_key; payload |idempotency_key --------------+--------------- {"from": "w1"}|idem-test-1 (1 row) step w2_insert: INSERT INTO ulak.queue (endpoint_id, payload, idempotency_key) SELECT e.id, jsonb_build_object('from', 'w2'), 'idem-test-1' FROM ulak.endpoints e WHERE e.name = 'iso_idem_ep' RETURNING payload::text, idempotency_key; step w1_commit: COMMIT; step w2_insert: <... completed> ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "idx_queue_idempotency_key" step w2_commit: COMMIT; step check_count: SELECT count(*) AS msg_count, min(payload::text) AS payload FROM ulak.queue WHERE idempotency_key = 'idem-test-1'; msg_count|payload ---------+-------------- 1|{"from": "w1"} (1 row)