---
title: Joins
description: Optimize JOIN queries in ParadeDB
canonical: https://docs.paradedb.com/documentation/performance-tuning/joins
---

ParadeDB supports all PostgreSQL JOIN types and extends them with BM25-powered full-text search. This guide explains how JOINs behave with search, how to identify sub-optimal query plans, and offers strategies to keep queries fast.

## Supported JOIN Types

ParadeDB supports all PostgreSQL JOINs:

- `INNER JOIN`
- `LEFT / RIGHT / FULL OUTER JOIN`
- `CROSS JOIN`
- `LATERAL`
- Semi and Anti JOINs

For the most part you can mix search and relational queries without changing your SQL.

## Scoring in JOINs

When using `paradedb.score()` or `paradedb.snippet()` inside JOINs:

- Scores and snippets are computed **before the JOIN** at the base table level.
- JOIN conditions never change the score, they only determine which rows are combined.

This design keeps scores predictable and consistent across queries.

## Performance Characteristics

### Fast Cases

Queries are efficient when search filters can be applied directly to the underlying tables.
In these cases, PostgreSQL can push down the `|||` operators so that each table does its own filtered index scan before the JOIN runs.

That means:

- Each table only contributes rows that already match the search condition.
- The JOIN operates on much smaller intermediate sets.

In this query, both `a.bio` and `b.content` are filtered independently.
The planner runs efficient index scans on each table and then joins the results.

```sql
SELECT a.name, b.title, paradedb.score(a.id)
FROM authors a
JOIN books b ON a.id = b.author_id
WHERE
    a.bio ||| 'science fiction'
    AND b.content ||| 'space travel';
```

The plan will have this shape:

```
Gather
  -> Parallel Hash Join
       Hash Cond: (b.id = a.id)
       -> Parallel ParadeDB Scan on authors a
       -> Parallel Hash
            -> Parallel ParadeDB Scan on books b
```

### Slower Cases

Queries become slower when search conditions span multiple tables in a way that prevents PostgreSQL from pushing them down. The most common example is an `OR` across different tables:

```sql
SELECT a.name, b.title
FROM authors a
JOIN books b ON a.id = b.author_id
WHERE
    a.bio ||| 'science'
    OR b.content ||| 'artificial';
```

Because the condition references both `a` and `b`, PostgreSQL cannot apply it until after the join. As a result, both tables must be scanned in full, joined, and only then filtered.

The plan will have this shape:

```
Gather
  -> Parallel Hash Join
       Hash Cond: (a.id = b.author_id)
       Join Filter: (a.bio ||| (...) OR b.content ||| (...))
       -> Parallel Seq Scan on authors a
       -> Parallel Hash
            -> Parallel Seq Scan on books b
```

Note that the `|||` query is in the _Join Filter_, not in the scan.

## Diagnosing Performance

Use `EXPLAIN` to check the query plan:

```sql
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)
SELECT a.name, b.title, paradedb.score(a.id)
FROM authors a
JOIN books b ON a.id = b.author_id
WHERE a.bio ||| 'science'
   OR b.content ||| 'artificial';
```

Watch for:

- `Custom Scan` nodes with large row counts
- ParadeDB operators inside JOIN conditions
- `Tantivy Query: all` (full index scan)

## Writing Faster JOIN Queries

### Replace Cross-Table OR with UNION

If you don’t need scores/snippets and have a simple JOIN, express the OR as a UNION of two separately filtered joins. This lets PostgreSQL push each search predicate down to a Custom Index Scan and avoid a join-time filter.

```sql
SELECT a.name, b.title
FROM authors a
JOIN books b ON a.id = b.author_id
WHERE a.bio ||| 'science'
UNION
SELECT a.name, b.title
FROM authors a
JOIN books b ON a.id = b.author_id
WHERE b.content ||| 'artificial';
```

### Use CTEs for Complex Queries

Use common table expressions (CTEs) to pre-filter each table with its own search condition, then join the smaller result sets together.
If possible, add a `LIMIT` to each CTE to keep the result sets small.

```sql
WITH matching_authors AS (
  SELECT id, name, paradedb.score(id) AS author_score
  FROM authors
  WHERE bio ||| 'science'
  LIMIT 100
),
matching_books AS (
  SELECT id, title, author_id, paradedb.score(id) AS book_score
  FROM books
  WHERE content ||| 'artificial'
  LIMIT 100
)
SELECT
  COALESCE(ma.name, a.name) AS name,
  COALESCE(mb.title, b.title) AS title,
  ma.author_score,
  mb.book_score
FROM matching_authors ma
FULL JOIN matching_books mb ON ma.id = mb.author_id
LEFT JOIN authors a ON mb.author_id = a.id AND ma.id IS NULL
LEFT JOIN books b ON ma.id = b.author_id AND mb.id IS NULL;
```

BM25 scores should not be added, if you want to combine scores then consider using [reciprocal rank fusion (RRF)](https://www.paradedb.com/learn/search-concepts/reciprocal-rank-fusion).

## Roadmap

We really want to remove the need to think about the way to do `JOIN`s in ParadeDB. At the moment we are actively working on:

- A `CustomScan Join API` for native join handling
- Smarter cost estimation for the PostgreSQL planner